Determinants of bone health in elderly Japanese men: study design and key findings of the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) cohort study

BACKGROUND@#The Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study was launched to investigate risk factors for osteoporotic fractures, interactions of osteoporosis with other non-communicable chronic diseases, and effects of fracture on QOL and mortality.@*METHODS@#FORMEN baseline study participants (in 2007 and 2008) included 2012 community-dwelling men (aged 65-93 years) in Nara prefecture, Japan. Clinical follow-up surveys were conducted 5 and 10 years after the baseline survey, and 1539 and 906 men completed them, respectively. Supplemental mail, telephone, and visit surveys were conducted with non-participants to obtain outcome information. Survival and fracture outcomes were determined for 2006 men, with 566 deaths identified and 1233 men remaining in the cohort at 10-year follow-up.@*COMMENTS@#The baseline survey covered a wide range of bone health-related indices including bone mineral density, trabecular microarchitecture assessment, vertebral imaging for detecting vertebral fractures, and biochemical markers of bone turnover, as well as comprehensive geriatric assessment items. Follow-up surveys were conducted to obtain outcomes including osteoporotic fracture, cardiovascular diseases, initiation of long-term care, and mortality. A complete list of publications relating to the FORMEN study can be found at https://www.med.kindai.ac.jp/pubheal/FORMEN/Publications.html .

Falls in institutionalized older adults: risks, consequences and antecedents / Caídas de personas mayores institucionalizadas: riesgos, consecuencias y antecedentes antecedents / Quedas em idosos institucionalizados: riscos, consequências e antecedentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the occurrence of falls in institutionalized elderly addressing the risks, consequences and antecedents. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out with 45 older adults in Long-Term Care Facilities for the Older adult in João Pessoa, Brazil, in June and July 2016. A socio-demographic questionnaire and the Berg Balance Scale were applied, classifying as risk of fall scores lower than 45. Descriptive statistics and tests were conducted: independent t-test, Anova (Tukey), Chi-square, Mann Whitney. Statistically significance was p <0.05. Data were processed in SPSS version 19.0. Results: A total of 66.7% (30) falls occurred, 20% (9) of them in the external area, with 66.7% (30) of the participants having hypertension as a previous disease and, as consequence, the fracture was highlighted with 11.2% (5). The Berg Scale had different scores when compared to the falls suffered by the elderly and previous diseases influenced the occurrence of falls (p <0.05). Conclusion: It is necessary to implement public financing policies or partnerships that allow environments adaptations aiming at reducing the risks of falls.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los riesgos, consecuencias y antecedentes de caídas en personas mayores institucionalizadas. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado entre 45 personas mayores e internadas en Instituciones de Cuidado a Largo Plazo en João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil, entre junio y julio de 2016. Se aplicó el cuestionario sociodemográfico y la Escala de Equilibrio de Berg clasificando el riesgo de caídas cuando la puntuación era inferior a 45. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva y las pruebas: t de Student independiente, Anova (Tukey), distribución de Pearson (Ji-Cuadrado), Mann Whitney y se consideró significativamente estadístico p < 0,05. Se procesó en el SPSS versión 19.0. Resultados: Las caídas ocurrieron en el 66,7% de las personas mayores (30), el 20% (9) en el área externa y el 66,7% (30) con enfermedad previa de hipertensión; cabe resaltar fracturas en el 11,2% (5). La Escala de Berg evaluó puntuaciones diferentes (p < 0,05) al comparar las caídas sufridas por las personas mayores resaltando que las enfermedades previas influenciaron el suceso de caídas (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Es necesario implantar políticas públicas de financiación o crear asociaciones que posibiliten la adaptación de los diversos ambientes con el objetivo de reducir los riesgos de caídas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de quedas em idosos institucionalizados quanto aos riscos, consequências e antecedentes. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado com 45 idosos em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos em João Pessoa/PB, Brasil, em junho e julho de 2016. Aplicou-se questionário sociodemográfico e Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg classificando risco de quedas quando escore inferior a 45. Realizou-se estatística descritiva e testes: t independente, Anova (Tukey), Qui-quadrado, Mann Whitney. Considerado significativamente estatístico p < 0,05 e processados no SPSS versão 19.0. Resultados: As quedas ocorreram em 66,7% (30), sendo 20% (9) na área externa, 66,7% (30) com doença prévia hipertensão e como consequência destacou-se fratura com 11,2% (5). A Escala de Berg avaliou pontuações diferentes (p < 0,05) quando comparadas às quedas sofridas pelos idosos, e as doenças prévias influenciaram ocorrência de quedas (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Necessita-se implementar políticas públicas de financiamento ou parcerias que possibilitem adaptação dos ambientes visando a redução dos riscos de quedas.

Falls in long-term care institutions for elderly people: protocol validation / Caída en Residencias Geriátricas: validación de protocolo / Queda nas Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos: validação de protocolo

ABSTRACT Objectives: To validate the content of a fall management risk protocol in long-term institutions for elderly people. Methods: Methodological, quanti-qualitative study using the Delphi technique. The tool, based on the literature, was sent electronically to obtain consensus among the 14 experts that meet the defined inclusion criteria. Results: The 27 indicators of the protocol are organized in three dimensions: prepare for the institutionalization (IRA=.88); manage the risk of falls throughout the institutionalization (IRA=.9); and lead the communication and formation (IRA=1), with a CVI=.91. Two rounds were performed to get a consensus superior to 80% in every item. Conclusion: The values obtained in the reliability test (>0.8) show that the protocol can be used to meet the intended goal. The next step is the clinic validation of the protocol with residents of long-term care institutions for elderly people.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Validar el contenido de un protocolo para gestión de riesgo de caídas en Residencias Geriátricas. Método: Estudio metodológico, de abordaje cualicuantitativo, utilizando técnica de Delphi. El instrumento elaborado con base en la literatura fue enviado por vía electrónica para obtener consenso entre los 14 peritos que observan los criterios de inclusión definidos. Resultados: Los 27 indicadores del protocolo están organizados en tres dimensiones: Preparar la Institucionalización (IRA=,88); Gerenciar el Riesgo de Caída durante la institucionalización (IRA=,9); y Liderar la comunicación y formación (IRA=1), con un CVI=,91. Fueron efectuadas dos rondas para obtener consenso superior al 80% en todos los ítems. Conclusión: Los valores obtenidos en el test de fidelidad (>0,8) certifican que el protocolo puede utilizarse para alcanzar el fin pretendido. La siguiente etapa será la validación clínica del protocolo con ancianos que moren en Residencias Geriátricas.

RESUMO Objetivos: Validar o conteúdo de um protocolo para a gestão do risco de queda em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Método: Estudo metodológico, de abordagem quantiqualitativa, utilizando a técnica de Delphi. O instrumento, construído com base na literatura, foi enviado por via electrónica, para obter consenso entre os 14 peritos que respeitam os critérios de inclusão definidos. Resultados: Os 27 indicadores do protocolo estão organizados em três dimensões: Preparar a Institucionalização (IRA=,88); Gerir o Risco de Queda ao longo da Institucionalização (IRA=,9) e Liderar a comunicação e formação (IRA=1), com um CVI=,91. Foram efetuadas duas rodadas para se obter consenso superior a 80% em todos os itens. Conclusão: Os valores obtidos no teste de fidedignidade (>0,8) atestam que o protocolo pode ser utilizado para atingir o fim que se pretende. A próxima etapa é a validação clínica do protocolo com idosos residentes em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos.

Impact of long-stay beds on the performance of a tertiary hospital in emergencies / Impacto de leitos de longa permanência no desempenho de hospital terciário em emergências

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of implementing long-stay beds for patients of low complexity and high dependency in small hospitals on the performance of an emergency referral tertiary hospital. METHODS For this longitudinal study, we identified hospitals in three municipalities of a regional department of health covered by tertiary care that supplied 10 long-stay beds each. Patients were transferred to hospitals in those municipalities based on a specific protocol. The outcome of transferred patients was obtained by daily monitoring. Confounding factors were adjusted by Cox logistic and semiparametric regression. RESULTS Between September 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014, 97 patients were transferred, 72.1% male, with a mean age of 60.5 years (SD = 1.9), for which 108 transfers were performed. Of these patients, 41.7% died, 33.3% were discharged, 15.7% returned to tertiary care, and only 9.3% tertiary remained hospitalized until the end of the analysis period. We estimated the Charlson comorbidity index - 0 (n = 28 [25.9%]), 1 (n = 31 [56.5%]) and ≥ 2 (n = 19 [17.5%]) - the only variable that increased the chance of death or return to the tertiary hospital (Odds Ratio = 2.4; 95%CI 1.3;4.4). The length of stay in long-stay beds was 4,253 patient days, which would represent 607 patients at the tertiary hospital, considering the average hospital stay of seven days. The tertiary hospital increased the number of patients treated in 50.0% for Intensive Care, 66.0% for Neurology and 9.3% in total. Patients stayed in long-stay beds mainly in the first 30 (50.0%) and 60 (75.0%) days. CONCLUSIONS Implementing long-stay beds increased the number of patients treated in tertiary care, both in general and in system bottleneck areas such as Neurology and Intensive Care. The Charlson index of comorbidity is associated with the chance of patient death or return to tertiary care, even when adjusted for possible confounding factors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o impacto da implantação de leitos de longa permanência para pacientes de baixa complexidade e alta dependência em hospitais de pequeno porte sobre o desempenho de hospital terciário de referência em emergência. MÉTODOS Para este estudo longitudinal, foram identificados hospitais em três municípios no departamento regional de saúde coberto pela instância terciária e que forneciam 10 leitos de longa permanência cada. Os pacientes foram transferidos para os hospitais desses municípios com base em protocolo específico. Obteve-se o desfecho dos pacientes transferidos por acompanhamento diário. Fatores de confusão foram ajustados por regressão logística e semiparamétrica de Cox. RESULTADOS Entre 1 de setembro de 2013 e 30 de setembro de 2014, foram transferidos 97 pacientes, sendo 72,1% homens, com idade média de 60,5 anos (DP = 1,9), para os quais foram realizadas 108 transferências. Desses pacientes, 41,7% evoluíram ao óbito, 33,3% receberam alta, 15,7% retornaram à instância terciária, e apenas 9,3% permaneceram internados até o final do período analisado. Foi calculado o índice de comorbidade de Charlson - 0 (n = 28 [25,9%]), 1 (n = 31 [56,5%]) e ≥ 2 (n = 19 [17,5%]) - a única variável que aumentou a chance de óbito ou retorno ao hospital terciário (Razão de Chances = 2,4; IC95% 1,3;4,4). O tempo de permanência nos leitos de longa permanência foi de 4.253 pacientes-dia, que representariam 607 vagas no hospital terciário, considerando-se a média de internação de sete dias. O hospital terciário aumentou o número de vagas em 50,0% para terapia intensiva, 66,0% para neurologia e 9,3% para as vagas totais. A permanência dos pacientes nos leitos de longa permanência limitou-se em grande parte aos primeiros 30 (50,0%) e 60 (75,0%) dias. CONCLUSÕES A implantação de leitos de longa permanência teve impacto no aumento de vagas novas oferecidas pela instância terciária tanto gerais como para áreas de estrangulamento do sistema, como a Neurologia e Terapia Intensiva. O índice de comorbidade de Charlson está associado à chance de o paciente evoluir ao óbito ou retornar para a instância terciária, mesmo quando ajustado por possíveis fatores de confusão.

Predictive Factors associated with Death of Elderly in Nursing Homes

PURPOSE: An increasing elderly population reflects a great need for readily accessible, clinically useful methods to identify mortality-related factors in nursing home residents. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the deaths of nursing home residents. METHODS: Data was collected from a Minimal Data Set of 195 elderly nursing home residents, followed by analysis of demographic factors, disease and nursing condition factors, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), cognitive function, behavioral patterns, and dysfunctional status. RESULTS: Major factors associated with death among nursing home residents were identified as dyspnea (odds ratio [OR] = 4.88), problematic behaviors (OR = 3.95), and ADL (OR = 3.61). These variables accounted for 31.1% of the variance in death. CONCLUSION: Dyspnea, problematic behaviors, and ADL data were identified as the key factors associated with death among nursing home residents. Future plans for the prediction of death among nursing home residents can be made by nursing staff, factoring in these identified variables, to ensure more comfortable conditions and more responsive care.

Depressive morbidity among elderly individuals who are hospitalized, reside at long-term care facilities, and are under outpatient care in Brazil: a meta-analysis

Objectives: i) To investigate studies published between 1991 and 2010 on the prevalence of depressive morbidity (major depressive disorder [MDD], dysthymia and clinically significant depressive symptoms [CSDS]) among elderly Brazilians assisted at healthcare facilities; ii) to establish the prevalence of depression and identify its related factors; and iii) to conduct a meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of depressive syndrome among elderly individuals assisted or hospitalized at healthcare facilities. Methods: Studies were selected from articles dated between January 1991 and June 2010 and extracted from the MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Results: The final analysis consisted of 15 studies, distributed as follows: i) four sampled hospitalized patients, totaling 299 individuals, and found a prevalence of CSDS varying between 20 and 56%; ii) four sampled outpatients, totaling 1,454 individuals; the prevalence of CSDS varied between 11 and 65%, and the prevalence of MDD varied between 23 and 42%; and iii) seven sampled elderly individuals residing in long-term care facilities (LTCF), totaling 839 individuals, and the prevalence of CSDS varied between 11 and 65%. Conclusion: The present review indicated a higher prevalence of both MDD and CSDS among elderly Brazilians assisted at healthcare facilities. .

Tabagismo em idosos internados em instituições de longa permanência / Smoking in elderly patients admitted to long-term care facilities

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de tabagismo entre idosos internados em instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPIs) e verificar a associação do grau de dependência nicotínica com variáveis sociodemográficas, vínculo afetivo, motivação para cessação e depressão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional, incluindo 573 idosos com idade > 60 anos, internados em 13 ILPIs no Distrito Federal. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: tipo de ILPI, gênero, idade, escolaridade, renda mensal, estado civil, condição previdenciária, vínculo afetivo, motivação para a cessação, depressão provável e o grau de dependência nicotínica. Para a obtenção dos dados, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: questionário sociodemográfico, Escala de Qualidade de Vida de Flanagan, Miniexame do Estado Mental, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, teste de Richmond e Teste de Fagerstrõm para Dependência de Nicotina. RESULTADOS: A prevalência geral de fumantes na amostra (573 indivíduos) foi de 23,0 por cento. Dos 132 fumantes, havia 81 homens (24,9 por cento) e 35 mulheres (20,1 por cento). Foram incluídos no estudo 116 fumantes, dos quais 70 (60,3 por cento) apresentavam depressão provável. Houve significativas associações entre o grau de dependência nicotínica e as seguintes variáveis: escolaridade, renda mensal, vínculo afetivo, motivação para a cessação e depressão provável. Não houve associações significativas entre a dependência de nicotina e as seguintes variáveis: tipo de ILPI, gênero, idade, condição previdenciária e estado civil. CONCLUSÕES: Nos idosos institucionalizados em ILPIs no Distrito Federal, constatamos uma elevada prevalência de tabagismo, havendo entre eles baixa motivação para a cessação tabágica.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of smoking among elderly patients admitted to long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and to determine whether the degree of nicotine dependence is associated with sociodemographic variables, affective ties, motivation for smoking cessation and depression. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based study involving 573 individuals over the age of 60, admitted to 13 LTCFs in the Federal District of Brasília, Brazil. We analyzed the following variables: type of LTCF, gender, age, level of education, monthly income, marital status, retirement status, affective ties, probable depression, motivation for smoking cessation and degree of nicotine dependence. In order to collect these data, the following instruments were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire; the Flanagan Quality of Life Scale; the Mini-Mental State Examination; the Geriatric Depression Scale; the Richmond test; and the Fagerstrõm Test for Nicotine Dependence. RESULTS: The prevalence of smokers in the study sample (573 individuals) was 23.0 percent. Of the 132 smokers, there were 90 males (25.8 percent) and 42 females (18.7 percent). Of these, 116 smokers were included in the study, 70 of whom (60.3 percent) presented with probable depression. The degree of nicotine dependence was found to be significantly associated with level of education, monthly income, affective ties, motivation for smoking cessation and probable depression, although not with the type of LTCF, gender, age, retirement status or marital status. CONCLUSIONS: Among elderly patients admitted to LTCFs in the Federal District of Brasília, the prevalence of smoking is high and the motivation for smoking cessation is low.

Does maintained spinal manipulation therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain result in better long term outcome?

To assess the efficacy of spinal manipulation therapy [SMT] for the management of chronic non-specific LBP and to determine the efficacy of maintenance SMT in long-term reduction of pain and disability levels associated with chronic low-back conditions after an initial phase of treatments. 60 patients with chronic, nonspecific low back pain [LBP] lasting at least 6 months were separated into 3 groups. The first group received 12 treatments of sham SMT. The second group received 12 treatments, consisting of SMT over a one-month period, but no treatments for the subsequent nine months. The third group also received 12 treatments over a one-month period, along with [maintenance spinal manipulation] every week for the following nine months. To determine any difference among therapies, we measured pain and disability scores at baseline and at 1-month, 4-month, 7-month and 10-month intervals. Patients in second and third groups experienced significantly lower pain and disability scores than first group at the end of 1-month period [P=0.0027 and 0.0029, respectively]. However, only the third group that was given spinal manipulations during the follow-up period showed more improvement in pain and disability scores at the 10-month evaluation. In the other two groups, however, the mean pain and disability scores returned back near to their pretreatment level. SMT is effective for the treatment of chronic non specific LBP. To obtain long-term benefit, this study suggests maintenance spinal manipulations after the initial intensive manipulative therapy

Infecção em idosos internados em instituição de longa permanência / Infection in elderly interned in long-term care facilities

OBJETIVO: Avaliar ocorrência de infecção em idosos de instituição de longa permanência (ILP) durante 13 meses consecutivos. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta e cinco idosos foram avaliados segundo critérios de infecção e de comunicação padronizada. RESULTADOS: A idade mediana foi de 75 (66-81) anos. O conjunto de dados constituiu-se de 20.896 pacientes-dia (PD) durante o período, com um total de 76 infecções para uma taxa média de infecção de 3,2 por 1000 PD. A taxa de pacientes com infecção foi de 63,6 por cento. As topografias prevalentes foram respiratória (50 por cento), trato urinário (32 por cento), pele e partes moles (12 por cento) e gastrintestinal (7 por cento), com taxa de infecção/1000 PD de 1,60; 1,01; 0,38; e 0,2, respectivamente. A taxa de mortalidade por infecção foi de 5 por cento. Agentes microbiológicos foram isolados em 30,5 por cento dos episódios infecciosos e Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus foram os mais freqüentes. CONCLUSÃO: Infecção apresentou elevada incidência nos idosos institucionalizados, porém nenhum evento extraordinário foi observado.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of infection in elderly interned in long-term care facilities (LTCF) during 13 consecutive months. METHODS: Fifty five elderly were evaluated according to infection and, reporting was standardized. RESULTS: The median age was 75 (66 81) years. The data set consisted of 20,896 patients-day (PD) of care during the period, with a total of 76 infections for a pooled mean rate of infections 3.20 per 1,000 PD of care. Patient infection rate was 63.6 percent. Prevalent topographies of infection were respiratory (50 percent), urinary tract (32 percent), skin and soft tissue (12 percent) and gastroenteritis (7 percent), with an infection rate for specific categories/1000 PD of 1.60, 1.01, 0.38, 0.21, respectively. Mortality infection rate was 5 percent. Microbiological agents were isolated in 30.5 percent of the infection episodes. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were prevalent. CONCLUSION: Infection presented an elevated incidence in the elderly interned, but no unusual problem with infections was disclosed.

Nosocomial infection in long-term care facilities. A survey in a Brazilian psychiatric hospital

Nosocomial infection among male patients in a public psychiatric hospital was studied and the definitions for use in long-term care facilities were employed for diagnosis. The overall nosocomial infection rate was 6.7 per 1,000 day inpatients; 55.6 of these infections were identified in the respiratory tract, 50 of them being respiratory viral diseases; 38.9 of the nosocomial infections involved the eyes, ears, nose, throat and mouth, and 5.6 involved the skin and soft tissues. The epidemiological characteristics and the main clinical alterations of these inpatients were also identified.

Neurorrafias-evaluación cinco años después / Neurorraphias-evaluation five years later

El presente papel tiene como objetivo estudiar y analizar los resultados obtenidos en la reparación de nervios periféricos, a largo plazo, en el presente caso, 5 años después de la reparación del tronco nervioso seccionado, con técnicas de sutura convencional y la utilización de la cola de fibrina como sutura del mismo efecto. Observando resultados muy similares en ambos grupos, con dificultad para una fuerza muscular buena (hecho frecuente en estas lesiones), pero con una recuperación sensitiva aceptable